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Behavioral Model", //s: A Distributed// Computer Graphics, 21(4), July 1987. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * **Date** || **Event** ||
 * 1824 || Peter Mark Roget, who did research in physiology at the University of London, published //"Persistence of Vision with Regard to Moving Objects."// This book presented the idea that a succession of still images could create the appearance of motion. ||
 * 1832 || Joseph Plateau (a Belgian scientist) developed the phenakistiscope. ||
 * 1889 || Emile Reynaud (from France) patents the praxinoscope .. a device that used mirrors to project a sequence of images (along with a fixed background) onto a screen. It was sufficiently complex that only he could run it. The infinite length tape changed the medium from a curiosity into entertainment. ||
 * 1895 || The age of movie camera and projector begins .. experimentors discover they can stop the crank and restart it again to obtain special effects. Example: James Stuart Blackton creates "The Enchanted Drawing" in 1900 .. a caricature is drawn with no evidence of an artist. ||
 * 1907 || Emil Cohl (from France) begins a long animation career.. ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1914 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Windsor McCay produces perhaps the first popular animation .. Gertie the Dinosaur, which becomes part of his vaudeville act ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1915 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">John Bray patents the use of clear cels over a background ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1917 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">John Bray patents rotoscoping (developed by Max Fleischer) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1919 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Koko the clown (Max Fleischer) appears ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1920's || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Otto Mesmer creates Felix the Cat ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1928 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Walt Disney releases "Steamboat Willie" .. an early cartoon w/ sound -- cartoons are now seen as entertainment. Disney innovations over the next 10-20 years include the storyboard, pencil tests, and the multi-plane camera stand (3D effects). Disney also promoted the analysis of real-life motion. ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1937 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Snow White is released at cost of $1.5M ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1930's || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fleischer studios create Betty Boop and Popeye ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1930's || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Warner Bros .. Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, and Bugs Bunny appear ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1940's || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Walter Lantz and Woody Woodpecker, Paul Terry and Mighty Mouse, MGM w/ Tom & Jerry (animators William Hanna and Joseph Barbera) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1963 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Ivan Sutherland and SKETCHPAD at MIT/Lincoln Labs ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1972 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">University of Utah, Ed Catmull develops an animation scripting language and creates an animation of a smooth shaded hand**.** Ref: E. Catmull, //"A System for Computer Generated Movies"//, Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1972 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">University of Utah, Fred Parke creates first computer generated facial animation. Ref: F. Parke, //"Computer Generated Animation of Faces"//, Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1974 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">National Research Council of Canada releases Hunger/La Faim directed by Peter Foldes and featuring **Burtnyk and Wein** interactive keyframing techniques. Ref: N. Burtnyk and M. Wein, //"//Interactive Skeleton Techniques for Enhancing Motion Dynamics in Key Frame Animation", Communications of the ACM, 19(10), October 1976. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1982 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Tron, MAGI, movie with CG premise ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1983 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Bill Reeves at Lucasfilm publishes techniques for modeling particle systems. "Demo" is //Star Trek II: The Wrath of Kahn//. The paper also promotes motion blur. Ref: W. Reeves, //"//Particle Systems -- A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects//"//, Computer Graphics, 17(3), July 1983. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1984 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Last Starfighter, CG is used in place of models ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1984 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Porter and Duff at Lucusfilm publish paper on digital compositing using an alpha channel. Ref: T. Porter and T. Duff, "Compositing Digital Images", Computer Graphics, 18(3), July 1984. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1985 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Girard and Maciejewski at OSU publish a paper describing the use of inverse kinematics and dynamics for animation. Their techniques are used in the animation "Eurythmy." Ref: M. Girard and A. A. Maciejewski, //"//Computational Modeling for the Computer Animation of Legged Figures//"//, Computer Graphics, 19(3), July 1985. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1985 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Ken Perlin at NYU publishes a paper on noise functions for textures. He later applied this technique to add realism to character animations. Ref: K. Perlin, //"//An Image Synthesizer//"//, Computer Graphics, 19(3), July 1985. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1987 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">John Lasseter at Pixar publishes a paper describing traditional animation principles. "Demos" are //Andre and Wally B// and Luxo Jr. Ref: J. Lasseter, //"//Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation", Computer Graphics, 21(4), July 1987. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1987 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Craig Reynolds then at Symbolics (now at Dreamworks SKG) publishes a paper on self-organizing behavior for groups. "Demos" are Stanley and Stella and Batman Returns. Ref: C. W. Reynolds, //"//Flocks, Herds, and School
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1988 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Willow uses morphing in live action film ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1992 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Beier and Neely, at SGI and PDI respectively publish an algorithm where line correspondences guide morphing between 2D images. "Demo" is Michael Jackson video Black and White. Ref: T. Beier and S. Neely, //"//Feature-Based Image Metamorphosis", Computer Graphics, 26(2), July 1992. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1993 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Chen and Williams at Apple publish a paper on view interpolation for 3D walkthroughs. **Ref:** S. E. Chen and L. Williams, //"//View Interpolation for Image Synthesis", Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, 1993. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection.) ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1993 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Jurassic Park use of CG for realistic living creatures ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1995 || <span style="color: #ff0087; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Toy Story first full-length 3D CG feature film ||